解题原则分析：

名词主体论，动作决定论：文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中心，细节句是为主题句而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及文章的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，比喻或者实验。同时，无论主题句还是细节句均由单词组成：名词表达主体，动词确定趋势，形容词和副词表示性质。因此，把握文章每一个段落的中心思想无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的名词即可指明方向，确定主题，即，名词主体论。主体名词对应的动作体现主语内容和趋向，因此，准确体现主题句动作的段落即为该主题句所对应的段落，即，动作决定论。

解题步骤分析：

Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in

the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for

each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] What to do as a student?

Various definitions of plagiarism

[C] Ideas should always be sourced

[D] Ignorance can be forgiven

[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

[F] The consequences of plagiarism

Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication asone’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”

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The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

42

Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

43

Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

44

Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

45

The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

1、主题句的分析、提炼

利用名词主体论分析提炼供选择主题句的主体名词，同时提炼对应的动作！

主体名词---对应动作

[A] What to do as a student? Student-----do something

Various definitions of plagiarism plagiarism-----definition

[C] Ideas should always be sourced idea-----be sourced

[D] Ignorance can be forgiven ignorance-----be forgiven

[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft plagiarism-----theft

[F] The consequences of plagiarism plagiarism-----consequence

2、段落主体及动作的把握

段落内容的理解(中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；没有转折词看段首句和段尾句)，重点关注动作。

3、主题句与段落对应选择

段落的主体名词与供选主题句的主体名词进行对应，缩小选项范围；段落的动作与范围内的动作进行对应，准确选择答案！

41题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句和段尾句：The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. …Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

主体名词为：plagiarism和social

对应动作为：The penalties for plagiarism “学术剽窃的惩罚” vary from situation to situation.“因形式而异” …require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. “要求作者格外关注其材料的来源给出注解”。对应选项为：F

42题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句：Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur.

主体名词为：students

对应动作为：avoid various kind of plagiarism “避免各种剽窃”，being self-critical “自我批评”

对应选项为：A

43题对应段落主体来源于段落前两句,动作来源于段落尾句：Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from….Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

主体名词为：plagiarism

对应动作为：by accident “意外”, is the result of the writer’s inability“是作者无能的结果”, be guarded against “小心提防”，exempt from being severely punished“未被严厉惩罚”

对应选项为：D

44题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. …Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’ the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

主体名词为：plagiarism和writer

对应动作为：do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources “不知道信息来源”， documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing “笔记，引用，脚注，列举” cannot plead ignorance “不能恳求当作无知”, his sources for ideas “思想的来源” are challenged“受到质疑”。

对应选项为：C

45题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention…. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

主体名词为：plagiarism和words

对应动作为：academic thievery “学术盗窃”，are used to describe the practice of plagiarism“被用来描述故意的学术剽窃”。

对应选项为：E